According to the policy of both institutes, data is not deposited in publicly available repositories. However, it might be available under request. YS carried out the validation methodology, performed the statistical analysis, and helped to interpret the data and to draft the manuscript. SD participated in the design of the study and the literature review, analyzed the data and drafted the first version of the manuscript.
Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Independent ethics committee at the Sociological Association of Ukraine ruled that no formal ethics approval was required in this particular case because the study represents a secondary analysis of data that was completely anonymous when provided to the authors, and it was impossible to identify participants from any resulting reports.
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from participants. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Yuliia Sereda. Results of confirmatory factor analysis. Factor loadings for nine dimensions of the SCLR in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
XLSX 12 kb. Confirmatory factor analysis of the BSI in the Ukrainian general population: factor loadings. Factor loadings for nine dimensions of the BSI in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. XLSX 11 kb. Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCL in the Ukrainian general population: factor loadings. Factor loadings for six dimensions of the SCL in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. XLSX 10 kb. Factor loadings for three dimensions of the BSI in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
XLSX 9 kb. Factor loadings for three dimensions of the SCL in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. Factor loadings for the SCL-K-9 in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
XLSX 8 kb. Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCLR in the Ukrainian general population: correlations between latent factors. Correlations between the latent variables measured by SCLR items in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. Confirmatory factor analysis of the BSI in the Ukrainian general population: correlations between latent factors. Correlations between the latent variables measured by BSI items in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCL in the Ukrainian general population: correlations between latent factors. Correlations between the latent variables measured by SCL items in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
Reprints and Permissions. Sereda, Y. Validity assessment of the symptom checklist SCLR and shortened versions for the general population in Ukraine.
BMC Psychiatry 16, Download citation. Received : 21 January Accepted : 18 August Published : 26 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Methods Secondary analysis of three nationally representative cross-sectional surveys , and using SCLR was applied. Results The scales of SCLR and its shortened versions showed equally high internal consistencies.
Tools In all three studies, the questionnaire SCLR was completed as one section of a general questionnaire that included a wide range of social, political and economic aspects.
From the initial sample of participants, completed both online questionnaires. Although missing data was not possible online, four participants were rejected because of paper-and-pencil missing data, so questionnaires were actually analyzed Table 1. Reliability results for the GHQ are shown in Table 2. Cronbach alpha was. Test-retest data showed significant correlations, ranging from. Total score test-retest correlation was.
We did a t test to see whether differences between scores from the two formats appeared. This occurred in scale B—paper-and-pencil scores were higher than online scores. The factorial analysis of GHQ reproduces fairly well the presupposed four-factors solution in both the online and paper-and-pencil administrations. Table 3 represents item factorial loads among factors.
Factor 2 grouped B anxiety items online and A somatization paper-and-pencil items. Factor 3 does the opposite, corresponding to A items online and B items in paper-and-pencil, except for B5. So, it could be said that each factor is close to its clinical interpretation. Nevertheless, a few items have bigger loads than expected in other factors.
Scales A and B share large loads, a fact quite understandable given that somatization and anxiety appear together several times. Item D5 did not load at all in factor 1 in the online version, but did in factors 2 and 3. Lastly, paper-and-pencil scale C has smaller loads than expected in factor 4 in three of its seven items. The predominantly positive values in the original correlation matrixes suggest paying attention to a general unrotated factor that could explain some of the item sharing among scales.
This general factor explained Table 4 shows reliability data for the SCLR. The Cronbach alpha of the global severity index GSI was.
Scales showed. Test-retest correlation ranged from. The correlation for the GSI was. Paper-and-pencil means were higher than online means in every score. A t test for repeated measures showed that those differences were statistically significant except for phobic anxiety and psychoticism.
That proportion could have clinical implications that we will discuss later. The factorial analysis showed difficulty confirming the expected nine-factors solution for both the online and paper-and-pencil administration. All the items where scattered through the forced nine factors without the presupposed order. As an example, we could mention that the first online factor grouped items. As a result we do not recommend the use of the SCLR scales as the way to discriminate among different clinical problems.
This, together with reliability data, led us to accept this test as a general screening tool. The aim of this work was to find out whether the psychometric characteristics of two well-known, self-report questionnaires remain consistent when administered via the Internet. Our analysis of the online versions matches the results of the paper-and-pencil versions in several aspects, but some identified differences between the two formats should be explained.
Regarding the GHQ, internal consistency was high in both formats Cronbach alpha for all scales and total score was over. Nevertheless, test-retest reliability ranged from a too modest. On one hand, it could be said that the GHQ keeps its reliability as internal consistency when delivered via the Internet, but, on the other hand, equivalence data are lower than expected, especially in scale C.
The small test-retest correlation in this scale. Sentir que mi mente queda en blanco. Hormigueos en alguna parte del cuerpo. Tener un nudo en la garganta. Perder las esperanzas en el futuro. Dificultades para concentrarme en lo que estoy haciendo. Sentir flojedad, debilidad, en partes de mi cuerpo.
Sentir mis brazos y piernas muy pesados Pensar que me estoy por morir. Comer demasiado. Necesitar golpear o lastimar a alguien. Repetir muchas veces algo que hago: contar, lavarme, tocar cosas.
Necesitar romper o destrozar cosas. Sentir que todo me cuesta mucho esfuerzo. Meterme muy seguido en discusiones. Additional file 3: Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCL in the Ukrainian generalpopulation: factor loadings.
Factor loadings for six dimensions of the SCL in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. XLSX 10 kb. Additional file 4: Confirmatory factor analysis of the BSI in the Ukrainian general population: factor loadings. Factor loadings for three dimensions of the BSI in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. XLSX 9 kb. Additional file 5: Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCL in the Ukrainian generalpopulation: factor loadings.
Factor loadings for three dimensions of the SCL in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
Factor loadings for the SCL-K-9 in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. XLSX 8 kb. Additional file 7: Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCLR in the Ukrainian generalpopulation: correlations between latent factors.
Correlations between the latent variables measured by SCLR items in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. Correlations between the latent variables measured by BSI items in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population. Additional file 9: Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCL in the Ukrainian general population: correlations between latent factors. Correlations between the latent variables measured by SCL items in , and studies that are representative of the Ukrainian population.
Additional file Confirmatory factor analysis of the BSI in the Ukrainian general population: correlations between latent factors. We would like to thank Prof. Completing this study would have been all the more difficult were it not for the support provided by Olga Balakireva, the Head of the Department for Monitoring of Socialand Economic Transformations, Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NationalAcademy of Sciences in Ukraine.
We must express our gratitude to Dr. Evelyn J. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. We gratefully acknowledge support from the National Institutes of Health [grant number D43 TW] funded by the Fogarty International Center and the National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine within the research project "Development and adaptation of data measurement tools for public sociological surveys in the transforming society" [grant number U]. The datasets are in Ukrainian.
According to the policy of both institutes, data is not deposited in publicly available repositories. However, it might be available under request. YS carried out the validation methodology, performed the statisticalanalysis, and helped to interpret the data and to draft the manuscript. SD participated in the design of the study and the literature review, analyzed the data and drafted the first version of the manuscript.
Both authors read and approved the finalmanuscript. Independent ethics committee at the Sociological Association of Ukraine ruled that no formal ethics approval was required in this particular case because the study represents a secondary analysis of data that was completely anonymous when provided to the authors, and it was impossible to identify participants from any resulting reports.
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